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␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTThe␈α
idea␈α
of␈α
a␈αstored␈α
program␈α
computer␈α
leads␈αimmediately␈α
to␈α
studying␈α
mental␈α
processes␈αas
␈↓ α∧␈↓abstract␈α∀computer␈α∀programs.␈α∀ Artificial␈α∀intelligence␈α∀treats␈α∀problem␈α∀solving␈α∀mechanisms␈α∪non-
␈↓ α∧␈↓biologically,␈α
and␈αmodern␈α
cognitive␈αpsychology␈α
makes␈α
information-processing␈αmodels␈α
of␈αthe␈α
human
␈↓ α∧␈↓mind.␈α⊃ Both␈α⊂studies␈α⊃have␈α⊂proved␈α⊃fruitful␈α⊂though␈α⊃difficult␈α⊂and␈α⊃have␈α⊂been␈α⊃pursued␈α⊃with␈α⊂ever
␈↓ α∧␈↓increasing vigor.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTProgress␈α∞in␈α∞either␈α∞study,␈α∞like␈α∞Darwinism␈α∞and␈α∞like␈α∞most␈α∞progress␈α∞in␈α∞medicine␈α∞and␈α∞biology,
␈↓ α∧␈↓moves␈α⊃the␈α⊃scientific␈α⊂picture␈α⊃of␈α⊃man's␈α⊂nature␈α⊃directly␈α⊃away␈α⊂from␈α⊃the␈α⊃subjectivity␈α⊃preferred␈α⊂by
␈↓ α∧␈↓modern␈α
literary␈α
culture.␈α
 Full␈α
success,␈α∞like␈α
successful␈α
genetic␈α
engineering,␈α
will␈α∞present␈α
individuals
␈↓ α∧␈↓and␈αsociety␈α
with␈αa␈α
bewildering␈αcollection␈α
of␈αoptions.␈α Weizenbaum␈α
fears␈αboth␈α
the␈αoptions␈α
he␈αcan
␈↓ α∧␈↓imagine and the rationalist world-view that computer-modeling reinforces.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTHe␈α→criticizes␈α_all␈α→present␈α_work␈α→in␈α_artificial␈α→intelligence,␈α_information-processing-based
␈↓ α∧␈↓psychology␈α∂and␈α∂computer␈α∂linguistics␈α∂as␈α∂mere␈α∞technique.␈α∂ In␈α∂particular␈α∂he␈α∂regards␈α∂the␈α∞computer
␈↓ α∧␈↓linguists␈αas␈α"hackers"␈αwhose␈αwork␈αthere␈αis␈αno␈αpoint␈αin␈αstudying,␈αbut␈αhe␈αexplicitly␈αputs␈αno␈αlimit␈αon
␈↓ α∧␈↓the␈α∩potential␈α∩problem-solving␈α⊃capability␈α∩of␈α∩computers␈α⊃except␈α∩when␈α∩understanding␈α∩humans␈α⊃is
␈↓ α∧␈↓required.  His point is moral, and his arguments use the 1960s technology of moralistic invective.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTHe␈αfinds␈αit␈αimmoral␈αfor␈αa␈αscientist␈αto␈αadopt␈αcertain␈αhypotheses␈αeven␈αtentatively,␈α
to␈αperform
␈↓ α∧␈↓certain␈α∂experiments␈α∂or␈α∂propose␈α∂certain␈α∂applications␈α∂-␈α∂not␈α∂because␈α∂they␈α∂are␈α∂dangerous␈α⊂or␈α∂won't
␈↓ α∧␈↓work,␈α⊃but␈α⊃because␈α⊃they␈α⊃are␈α⊃"obscene".␈α⊃ He␈α⊂distinguishes␈α⊃between␈α⊃not␈α⊃closing␈α⊃one's␈α⊃mind␈α⊃to␈α⊂a
␈↓ α∧␈↓hypothesis␈α∩(OK)␈α⊃and␈α∩tentatively␈α∩adopting␈α⊃it␈α∩(possibly␈α⊃immoral).␈α∩ Also␈α∩information␈α⊃processing
␈↓ α∧␈↓models␈α∃of␈α⊗man␈α∃are␈α⊗OK␈α∃in␈α⊗principle␈α∃provided␈α∃one␈α⊗recognizes␈α∃that␈α⊗they␈α∃can't␈α⊗model␈α∃any
␈↓ α∧␈↓"authentically human concern", but no work meeting his criteria is mentioned.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTThe␈αobjectionable␈αhypotheses,␈αexperiments␈αand␈αapplications␈αinclude␈αthe␈αtheory␈αthat␈αman␈αis
␈↓ α∧␈↓a␈αsimple␈αorganism␈αin␈αa␈αcomplex␈αenvironment,␈αthe␈αidea␈αthat␈αall␈αreality␈αcan␈αbe␈αformalized,␈αthe␈αidea
␈↓ α∧␈↓that␈α
what␈α
a␈α∞judge␈α
knows␈α
can␈α
be␈α∞told␈α
to␈α
a␈α
computer,␈α∞some␈α
experiments␈α
with␈α∞recombinant␈α
DNA,
␈↓ α∧␈↓connecting␈α
animal␈α
brains␈α
to␈α
computers,␈α
psychological␈α
testing,␈α
and␈α
using␈α
a␈α
computer␈α∞program␈α
for
␈↓ α∧␈↓psychiatry.  Here are some of the arguments:

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTOn␈αpsychiatry␈α-␈α␈↓↓"What␈αcan␈αthe␈αpsychiatrist's␈αimage␈αof␈αhis␈αpatient␈αbe␈αwhen␈αhe␈α
sees␈αhimself,
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓as␈αa␈α
therapist,␈αnot␈αas␈α
an␈αengaged␈αhuman␈α
being␈αacting␈αas␈α
a␈αhealer,␈αbut␈α
as␈αan␈αinformation␈α
processor
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓following rules, etc.?"␈↓

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTOn␈α∞connecting␈α∞computers␈α
to␈α∞animal␈α∞brains␈α∞-␈α
␈↓↓"The␈α∞first␈α∞kind␈↓␈α
[of␈α∞application]␈↓↓␈α∞I␈α∞would␈α
call
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓simply␈αobscene.␈α These␈αare␈α
ones␈αwhose␈αvery␈αcontemplation␈α
ought␈αto␈αgive␈αrise␈α
to␈αfeelings␈αof␈αdisgust␈α
in
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓every civilized person."␈↓

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTOn␈αa␈αproposed␈αmoratorium␈αon␈α
some␈αDNA␈αexperiments␈α-␈α␈↓↓"why␈α
do␈αthey␈αfeel␈αthey␈αhave␈αto␈α
give
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓a␈α
reason␈αfor␈α
what␈αthey␈α
recommend␈αat␈α
all?␈α Is␈α
not␈αthe␈α
overriding␈αobligation␈α
on␈αmen,␈α
including␈αmen␈α
of
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓science,␈α∂to␈α∂exempt␈α∂life␈α∂itself␈α∂from␈α∂the␈α⊂madness␈α∂of␈α∂treating␈α∂everything␈α∂as␈α∂an␈α∂object,␈α⊂a␈α∂sufficient
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓reason, and one that does not even have to be spoken?"␈↓

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTOn␈αscience␈αin␈αgeneral␈αand␈αpure␈αscience␈αin␈αparticular␈α-␈α␈↓↓"Not␈αonly␈αhas␈αour␈αunbounded␈αfeeding
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓on␈α
science␈αcaused␈α
us␈αto␈α
become␈αdependent␈α
on␈αit,␈α
but,␈αas␈α
happens␈αwith␈α
many␈αother␈α
drugs␈α
taken␈αin
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓increasing␈α
doses,␈α
science␈α
has␈α
been␈α
gradually␈αconverted␈α
into␈α
a␈α
slow␈α
acting␈α
poison."␈↓␈α
and,␈α␈↓↓"Scientists


␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ ε|1␈↓ ∧



␈↓ α∧␈↓↓who␈α
continue␈α
to␈α
prattle␈α
on␈α
about␈α
'knowledge␈α
for␈α
its␈α
own␈α
sake'␈α
in␈α
order␈α
to␈α
exploit␈α
that␈α
slogan␈αfor␈α
their
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓self-serving ends have detached science and knowledge from any contact with the real world".␈↓

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTA␈α
moral␈α
principle␈α-␈α
␈↓↓"Those␈α
who␈α
know␈αwho␈α
and␈α
what␈αthey␈α
are␈α
do␈α
not␈αneed␈α
to␈α
ask␈α
what␈αthey
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓should do."␈↓

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTSuccess␈α
in␈α
modeling␈α
the␈α
mind␈α
will␈α
raise␈α
policy␈α
issues␈α
with␈α
both␈α
moral␈α
and␈α∞factual␈α
aspects.
␈↓ α∧␈↓However,␈α∂the␈α∂public␈α∂entitled␈α∂to␈α∂decide␈α∞them␈α∂has␈α∂more␈α∂immediate␈α∂concerns;␈α∂imagine␈α∂asking␈α∞the
␈↓ α∧␈↓1976␈α∂presidential␈α∂candidates␈α∂to␈α∂debate␈α∂whether␈α∂computer␈α∂programs␈α∂should␈α∂do␈α∂psychiatry␈α∂while
␈↓ α∧␈↓there␈α
are␈α
none␈αthat␈α
can.␈α
 When␈αthey␈α
become␈α
concrete,␈α
they␈αmust␈α
be␈α
discussed␈αin␈α
terms␈α
of␈αcosts␈α
and
␈↓ α∧␈↓benefits and not in terms of "obscenity".

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTAs␈αin␈αDarwin's␈αtime,␈αscience␈α-␈αespecially␈αgenetics,␈αpsychology,␈αsociology␈αand␈α(now)␈αcomputer
␈↓ α∧␈↓science␈α
-␈α
is␈α
being␈α
morally␈α∞pressed␈α
to␈α
fit␈α
its␈α
theories␈α
to␈α∞"religion".␈α
 Many␈α
have␈α
given␈α
in;␈α∞few␈α
will
␈↓ α∧␈↓speak␈α∂out␈α∂for␈α∂studying␈α∂the␈α∂genetics␈α∂of␈α∂human␈α∂behavior,␈α∂computer␈α∂scientists␈α∂in␈α⊂unrelated␈α∂fields
␈↓ α∧␈↓claimed␈α
to␈α
have␈α
proved␈α
that␈α
the␈α
ABM␈α
couldn't␈α
work,␈α
and␈α
physicists␈α
claim␈α
to␈α
show␈α
that␈α
nuclear
␈↓ α∧␈↓explosions␈αcan␈αhave␈αno␈αpeaceful␈αuse.␈α When␈αscientists␈αforget␈αtheir␈αduty␈αto␈αpursue␈αtruth␈αwherever
␈↓ α∧␈↓the␈αsearch␈αleads,␈αwhen␈αthey␈αstart␈αselecting␈αfacts␈αto␈αsupport␈αcomforting␈αworld-views␈αor␈αthe␈αpolicies
␈↓ α∧␈↓of the good guys, they lose much of their value to society.






























␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ ε|2␈↓ ∧